Health: A Community View
Health: A Community View
Historical Factors: Community Health Nursing in Context Community Assessment and Population Health Problems
Read chapters 1, 2 & 6 of the class textbook, and review the attached PowerPoint presentations once done, answer the following questions.
1. In your own words define the concept community. Compare and contrast the definitions of health from a public health nursing perspective and list and explain the three levels of prevention and give an example of each one.
2. Mention and discuss community/public health nursing interventions, as explained by the intervention Wheel.
3. Describe and explain the process of conducting a community health assessment. Identify and discuss the use of the epidemiological data at each step of the nursing process.
4. Compare the application of the public health principles to the nation’s major health problems at the turn of the twentieth century (i.e. acute disease) with the beginning of the twenty-first century (i.e. chronic disease) and mention and discuss the major contemporary issues facing community/public health nursing, and trace the historical roots to the present.
As stated in the syllabus present your assignment in an APA format word document, APA required font attached to the forum in the discussion tab of the blackboard titled “Week 1 discussion questions” and the SafeAssign exercise in the assignment tab of the blackboard which is a mandatory requirement. A minimum of 2 evidence-based references (besides the class textbook) no older than 5 years must be used. You must post two replies on different dates to any of your peers sustained with the proper references no older than 5 years as well and make sure the references are properly quoted in your assignment. The replies can’t be posted on the same day, I must see different dates in the replies. A minimum of 800 words is required and not exceeding 1,000 words (excluding the first and reference page). Please make sure to follow the instructions as given and use either spell-check or Grammarly before you post your assignment.
Chapter 1
Health: A Community View
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
1
Community/Public Health Nursing …
… is the synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice.
… has the major goal to preserve the health of the community and surrounding populations.
… focuses on health promotion and health maintenance.
… is associated with health and identification of populations at risk rather than an episodic response to patient demand.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
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The mission of public health is …
… social justice, which entitles all people to basic necessities such as adequate income and health protection and accepts collective burdens to make this possible.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
3
http://www.health.gov/phfunctions/public.htm
Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
3
How Do We Define Health?
A state of complete well-being, physical, social, and mental, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
– World Health Organization, 1958
The extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to realize aspirations and satisfy needs; and, on the other hand, to change or cope with the environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, and physical capacities.
– World Health Organization, 1986
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
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Community …
… a group or collection of locality-based individuals, interacting in social units and sharing common interests, characteristics, values, and/or goals.
Nies and McEwen, 2013
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
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Figure 1-2
From U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Federal Interagency Workgroup: The vision, mission, and goals of Healthy People 2020. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/Consortium/HP2020Framework.pdf. Accessed July 2013.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
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Healthy People 2020 Leading Health Indicators
Access to Health Services
Clinical Preventive Services
Environmental Quality
Injury and Violence
Maternal, Infant, and Child Health
Mental Health
Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity
Oral Health
Reproductive and Sexual Health
Social Determinants
Substance Abuse
Tobacco Use
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
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Public and Community Health
Public health is the Science and Art of …
(1) preventing disease,
(2) prolonging life, and
(3) promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort…
C.E. Winslow…
Community health extends the realm of public health …
…to include organized health efforts at the community level through both government and private efforts.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
8
Core Public Health Functions
Assessment: Regular collection, analysis, and information sharing about health conditions, risks, and resources in a community.
Policy development: Use of information gathered during assessment to develop local and state health policies and to direct resources toward those policies.
Assurance: Focuses on the availability of necessary heath services throughout the community. It includes maintaining the ability of both public health agencies and private providers to manage day-to-day operations and the capacity to respond to critical situations and emergencies.
– Institute of Medicine (1988)
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
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10 Essential Services
Assessment
Monitor health status to identify community health problems.
Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.
Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
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10 Essential Services (Cont.)
Policy Development
Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues.
Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.
Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
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10 Essential Services (Cont.)
Assurance
Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.
Link people to needed personal health services and ensure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable.
Ensure a competent public health and personal health care workforce.
Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services.
Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
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The Three Levels of Prevention
Primary prevention
Prevention of problems before they occur
Health promotion and health protection
Secondary prevention
Early detection and intervention
Early diagnosis and treatment
Tertiary prevention
Correction and prevention of deterioration of a disease state
Limitation of disability and rehabilitation
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
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The Three Levels of Prevention (Cont.)
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Figure 1-2
Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
14
Level of Prevention—Individual
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
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Level of Prevention—Family
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
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Level of Prevention—Group
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
17
Level of Prevention—Community
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
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Healthy People 2020
Vision
A society in which all people live long, healthy lives.
Overarching Goals
Attain high-quality, longer lives free…
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